| 3rd cent. B.C.E. |
Manetho, Greco-Egyptian
historian, says Jews were expelled from Egypt as lepers. |
| 38 B.C.E. |
Anti-Jewish riots in Alexandria
(Egypt): many Jews killed, and all the Jews were confined to one
quarter of the city. |
| 19 C.E. |
Emperor Tiberius expels the
Jews from Rome and Italy. |
| 66 C.E. |
Massacre of the Jews of Alexandria
(Egypt) in which 50,000 were killed. |
| 1st cent. C.E. |
Apion of Alexandria surpasses
other Hellenistic anti-Semites in the crudeness of his fabrications. |
| 200 |
Tertullian, Church Father, writes
his anti-Jewish polemic in Latin Adversus Judaeos. |
| 325 |
After the ecumenical council,
Nicaea, the Christian Church formualtes its policy toward the Jews:
the Jews must continue to exist for the sake of Christianity in
seclusion and humiliation. |
| 386-387 |
John Chrysostom, Church Father
in the East, violently anti-Jewish, delivers eight sermons in Antioch. |
| 438 |
Theodosius II, Roman emperor
of the East, legalizes the civil inferiority of the Jews. |
| 468 |
Persecutions of the Jews in
Babylonia. |
| c. 470 |
Jews persecuted in Babylonia
by Firuz, the exilarch, and many Jews killed and their children
given to Mazdeans. |
| 535-553 |
Emperor Justinian I issues his
novellae to Corpus Juris Civilis expressing his anti-Jewish
policy. |
| 612 |
Visigothic king Sisebut of Spain
inaugurates a policy of forcible conversion of all Jews in the kingdom. |
| 624-628 |
Jewish tribes of Hejaz (Arabia)
destroyed by Muhammad. |
| 628 |
Dagobert I expels Jews from
Frankish kingdom. |
| 632 |
Heraclius, Byzantine emperor,
decrees forced baptism of all Jews in the Byzantine empire. |
| 632 |
Official Church doctrine on
conversion of Jews in Spain formulated. |
| 638 |
Visigothic king Chintila compels
the sixth council of Toledo to adopt resolution proclaiming that
only Catholics may reside in the kingdom Spain. |
| 694-711 |
All Jews under Visigothic rule
in Spain declared slaves, their possessions confiscated and the
Jewish religion outlawed. |
| 717-20 |
Caliph Omar 11 introduces series
of discriminatory regulations against the dhimmi, the protected
Christians and Jews, among them the wearing of a special garb. |
| 1009-13 |
Fatimid caliph Al-Hãkim in Erez
Israel issues severe restrictions against Jews. |
| 1012 |
Emperor Henry 11 of Germany
expels Jews from Mainz, the beginning of persecutions against Jews
in Germany. |
| 1096-99 |
First Crusade. Crusaders massacre
the Jews of the Rhineland (1096). |
| 1144 |
Blood libel at Norwich (England);
first record, blood libel. |
| 1146 |
Anti-Jewish riots in Rhineland
by the Crusaders of the second Crusade. |
| 1147 |
Beginning of the brutal persecutors
of the of North Africa under the Almohads, lasted until 1212. |
| 1182 |
King Philip Augustus of France
decrees the expulsion of the Jews from his kingdom and the confiscation
of their real estate. |
| 1190 |
Anti-Jewish riots in England:
massacre at York,and other cities. |
| 1215 |
Fourth Lateran Council introduces
the Jewish Badge. |
| 1235 |
Blood libel at Fulda, Germany. |
| 1236 |
Severe anti-Jewish persecutions
in western France. |
| 1240 |
Disputation of Paris which led
to the burning of the Talmud. |
| 1242 |
Burning of the Talmud at Paris. |
| 1255 |
Blood libel at Lincoln, England. |
| 1263 |
Disputation of Barcelona. |
| 1290 |
Expulsion of the Jews from England,
the first of the great general expulsions of the Middle Ages. |
| 1298-99 |
Massacre of thousands of Jews
in 146 localities in southern and central Germany led by the German
knight Rindfleisch. |
| 1306 |
Expulsion of Jews from France. |
| 1306-20 |
Pastoureaux ("Shepherds"),
participants of the second Crusade in France against the Muslims
in Spain, attack the Jews of 120 localities in southwest France. |
| 1321 |
Persecutions against Jews in
central France in consequence of a false charge of their supposed
collusion with the lepers. |
| 1321-22 |
Expulsion from the kingdom of
France. |
| 1336-39 |
Persecutions against Jews in
Franconia and Alsace led by lawless German bands, the Armleder. |
| 1348-50 |
Black Death Massacres which
spread throughout Spain, France, Germany and Austria, as a result
of accusations that the Jews had caused the death of Christians
by poisoning the wells and other water sources. |
| 1389 |
Massacre of the Prague (Bohemia)
community. |
| 1391 |
Wave of massacres and conversions
in Spain and Balearic Islands. |
| 1394 |
Expulsion from the kingdom of
France. |
| 1399 |
Blood libel in Poznan. |
| 1411-12 |
Oppressive legislation against
Jews in Spain as an outcome of the preaching of the Dominican friar
Vicente Ferrer. |
| 1413-14 |
Disputation of Tortosa (Spain).
The most important and longest of the Christian-Jewish disputations
the consequence of which was mass conversions and intensified persecutions. |
| 1421 |
Persecutions of Jews in Vienna
and its environs, confiscation of their possessions, and conversion
of Jewish children, 270 Jews burnt at stake, known as the Wiener
Gesera (Vienna Edict). Expulsion of Jews from Austria. |
| 1435 |
Massacre and conversion of the
Jews of Majorca. |
| 1438 |
Establishment of mellahs
(ghettos) in Morocco. |
| 1452-3 |
John of Capistrano, Italian
Franciscan friar, incites persecutions and expulsions of Jews from
cities in Germany. |
| 1473 |
Marranos of Valladolid and Cordoba,
in Spain massacred. |
| 1474 |
Marranos of Segovia, Spain,
massacred. |
| 1480 |
Inquisition established in Spain. |
| 1483 |
Torquemada appointed inquisitor
general of Spanish Inquisition. Expulsion of Jews from Warsaw. |
| 1490-91 |
Blood libel in La Guardia, town
in Spain, where the alleged victim became revered as a saint. |
| 1492 |
Expulsion from Spain. |
| 1492-93 |
Expulsion from Sicily. |
| 1495 |
Expulsion from Lithuania. |
| 1496-97 |
Expulsion from Portugal: mass
forced conversion. |
| 1506 |
Massacre of Marranos in Lisbon. |
| 1510 |
Expulsion of Jews from Brandenburg
(Germany). |
| 1516 |
Venice initiates the ghetto,
the first in Christian Europe. |
| 1531 |
Inquisition established in Portugal. |
| 1535 |
Jews of Tunisia expelled and
massacred. |
| 1541 |
Expulsion from the kingdom of
Naples. Expulsion from Prague and crown cities. |
| 1544 |
Martin Luther, German religious
reformer, attacks the Jews with extreme virulence. |
| 1550 |
Expulsion from Genoa (Italy). |
| 1551 |
Expulsion from Bavaria. |
| 1553 |
Burning of the Talmud in Rome. |
| 1554 |
Censorship of Hebrew books introduced
in Italy. |
| 1556 |
Burning of Marranos at Ancona,
Italy. |
| 1567 |
Expulsion from the republic
of Genoa (Italy). |
| 1569, 1593 |
Expulsion from the Papal States
(Italy). |
| 1614 |
Vincent Fettmilch, anti-Jewish
guild leader in Frankfort, Germany, attacks with his followers the
Jews of the town and forces them to leave the City. |
| 1624 |
Ghetto established
at Ferrara (Italy). |
| 1648-49 |
Massacres initiated by Bogdan
Chmielnicki, leader of the Cossacks, and peasant uprising against
Polish rule in the Ukraine, in which 100,000 Jews were killed and
300 communities destroyed. |
| 1650 |
Jews of Tunisia confined to
special quarters (Hãra). |
| 1655-56 |
Massacres of Jews during the
wars of Poland against Sweden and Russia. |
| 1670 |
Expulsion from Vienna. Blood
libel at Metz (France). |
| 1711 |
Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes
his Entdecktes Judenthum ("Judaism Unmasked"),
a work denouncing Judaism and whlch had a formative influence on
modern anti-Semitic polemics. |
| 1712 |
Blood libel in Sandomierz (Poland)
after which the Jews of the'town were expelled. |
| 1715 |
Pope Pius VI issues a severe
"Edict concerning the Jews", in which he renews
all former restrictions against them. |
| 1734-36 |
Haidamacks, paramilitary bands
in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews. |
| 1745 |
Expulsion from Prague. |
| 1768 |
Haidamacks massacre the Jews
of Uman (Poland) together with the Jews from other places who had
sought refuge there. |
| 1788 |
Haidamacks massacre the Jews
of Uman (Poland): 20,000 Jews and Poles killed. |
| 1790-92 |
Destruction of most of the Jewish
communities of Morocco. |
| 1791 |
Pale of Settlement
-twenty-five provinces of Czarist Russia established, where Jews
permitted permanent residence: Jews forbidden to settle elsewhere
in Russia. |
| 1805 |
Massacre of Jews in Algeria. |
| 1819 |
A series of anti-Jewish riots
in Germany that spread to several neighboring countries (Denmark,
Poland, Latvia and Bohemia) known as Hep! Hep! Riots, from
the derogatory rallying cry against the Jews in Germany. |
| 1827 |
Compulsory military service
for the Jews of Russia: Jewish minors under 18 years of age, known
as "Cantonists," placed in preparatory military
training establishments. |
| 1835 |
Oppressive constitution for
the Jews in Russia issued by Czar Nicholas 1. |
| 1840 |
Blood libel in Damascus (The
Damascus Affair). |
| 1853 |
Blood libel in Saratov (Russia),
bringing a renewal of the blood libel throughout Russia. |
| 1858 |
Abduction of a 7-year-old Jewish
child, Edgard Mortara, in Bologna by Catholic conversionists (Mortara
Case), an episode which aroused univeral indignation in liberal
circles. |
| 1878 |
Adolf Stoecker, German anti-Semitic
preacher and politician, founds the Social Workers' Party, which
marks the beginning of the political anti-Semitic movement in Germany. |
| 1879 |
Heinrich von Treitschke, German
historian and politician, justifies the anti-Semitic campaigns in
Germany, bringing anti-Semitism into learned circles. |
| 1879 |
Wilhelm Marr, German agitator,
coins the term anti-Semitism. |
| 1881-84 |
Pogroms sweep southern Russia,
beginning of mass Jewish emigration. |
| 1882 |
Blood libel in Tiszaeszlar,
Hungary, which aroused public opinion throughout Europe. |
| 1882 |
First International Anti-Jewish
Congress convened at Dreseden, Germany. |
| 1882 |
A series of "temporary
laws" confirmed by Czar Alexander III of Russia in May, 1882
("May Laws"), which adopted a systematic policy
of discrimination, with the object of removing the Jews from their
economic and public positions. |
| 1885 |
Expulsion of about 10,000 Russian
Jews, refugees of 1881-1884 pogroms, from Germany. |
| 1891 |
Blood libel in Xanten, Germany. |
| 1891 |
Expulsion from Moscow, Russia. |
| 1893 |
Karl Lueger establishes in Vienna
the anti-Semitic Christian Social Party and becomes mayor in 1897. |
| 1894 |
Alfred Dreyfus trial in Paris. |
| 1895 |
Alexander C. Cuza organizes
the Alliance Anti-sémitique Universelle in Bucharest, Rumania. |
| 1899 |
Houston Stewart Chamberlain,
racist and anti-Semitic author, publishes his Die Grundlagen
des 19 Jahrhunderts which became a basis of National-Socialist
ideology. |
| 1899 |
Blood libel in Bohemia (the
Hilsner case). |
| 1903 |
Pogrom at Kishinev, Russia. |
| 1905 |
Pogroms n the Ukraine and Bessarabia,
perpetuated in 64 towns (most serious in Odessa with over 300 dead
and thousands wounded). |
| 1905 |
First Russian public edition
of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion appears. |
| 1906 |
Pogroms In Bialystok and Siedlce,
Russia. |
| 1909-10 |
Polish boycott against Jews. |
| 1911-13 |
Menahem Mendel Beilis, blood
libel trial at Kiev. |
| 1912 |
Pogroms in Fez (Morocco). |
| 1915 |
Ku Klux Klan, rascist organization
in the U.S., refounded. |
| 1917-21 |
Pogroms in the Ukraine and Poland.
1) Pogroms by retreating Red Army from the Ukraine (spring, 1918),
before the German army. 2) Pogroms by the retreating Ukraine army
under the command of Simon Petlyura, resulting in the deaths of
over 8,000Jews. 3)Pogroms by the counter revolutionary "White
Army" under the command of General A.I. Denikin (fall, 1919)
in which about 1,500 Jews were killed. 4) Pogroms by the "White
Army" in Siberia and Mongolia (1919). 5) Pogroms by anti-Soviet
bands in the Ukraine (1920-21), in which thousands of Jews were
killed. |
| 1919 |
Abolishment of community organization
and non-Communist Jewish institutions in Soviet Russia. |
| 1919 |
Pogroms in Hungary: c. 3,000
Jews killed. |
| 1920 |
Adolf Hitler becomes Fuehrer,
of the National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP),
later known as National Socialist. |
| 1920 |
Henry Ford I begins a series
of anti-Semitic articles based on the Protocols of the Elders
of Zion, in his Dearbon Independent. |
| 1924 |
Economic restrictions on Jews
in Poland. |
| 1925-27 |
Adolf Hitier's Mein Kampf appears. |
| 1933 |
Adolf Hitler appointed chancellor
of Germany. Anti-Jewish economic boycott: first concentration camps
(Dachau, Oranienburg, Esterwegen and Sachsenburg). |
| 1935 |
Nuremberg Laws introduced. |
| 1937 |
Anti-Semitic legislation in
Rumania. |
| 1937 |
Discrimination against Jews
in Polish universities. |
| 1938 |
After Anschluss, pogroms
in Vienna, anti-Jewish legislation introduced: deportations to camps
in Austria and Germany. |
| 1938 |
Charles E. Coughlin, Roman Catholic
priest, starts anti-Semitic weekly radio broadcasts in U.S. |
| 1938 |
Kristallnacht, Nazi anti-Jewish
outrage in Germany and Austria (Nov. 9-10, 1938): Jewish businesses
attacked, synagogues burnt, Jews sent to concentration camps. |
| 1938 |
Racial legislation introduced
in Italy (Nov. 17, 1938). Anti Jewish economic legislation in Hungary. |
| 1939 |
Anti-Jewish laws introduced
in the Protectorate (Czechoslovakia). |
| 1939 |
Outbreak of World War 11 (Sept.
1, 1939), Poland overrun by German army: pogroms in Poland; beginning
of the Holocaust. |
| 1940 |
Nazi Germtny introduces gassing. |
| 1940 |
Formation of ghettos in Poland:
mass shootings of Jews: Auschwitz camp, later an extermination camp,
established; Western European Jews under Nazis. Belzec extermination
camp established. |
| 1940 |
Algerian administration applies
social laws of Vichy. |
| 1941 |
Germany invades Russia and the
Baltic states. Majdanek extermination camp established. Chelmno
and Treblinka extermination camps established. Anti-Jewish laws
in Slovakia. Pogroms in Jassy, Rumania. Pogroms and massacres by
the Einsatzgruppen and native population in Baltic states
and the part of Russia occupied by Germany. Expulsions of Jews from
the German Reich to Poland. Beginning of deportation and murder
of Jews in France. |
| 1941 |
Severe riots against Jews in
Iraq in consequence of Rashid Ali al-Jilani's coup d'état.
Nazi Germany introduces gassing in extermination camps. |
| 1942 |
Conference in Wannsee, Berlin,
to carry out the "Final Solution" (Jan. 20, 1942). Beginning
of mass transports of Jews of Belgium and Holland to Auschwitz.
Massacres 'In occupied Russia continue. Death camps of Auschwitz,
Majdanek and Treblinka begin to function at full capacity: transports
from ghettos to death camps. Sobibor extermination camp established. |
| 1943 |
Germany declared Judenrein.
Transports of Jews from all over Europe to death camps. Final liquidation
of the Warsaw ghetto (May 16, 1943). Annihilation of most of the
ghettos. Transport of Italian Jews to death camps. |
| 1944 |
Extermination of Hungarian Jewry. |
| 1945 |
Germany surrenders (May 8, 1945)
estimated Jewish victims in the Holocaust 5,820,960. |
| 1946 |
Pogroms at Kielce, Poland, 42
Jews murdered and many wounded (July 4, 1946). |
| 1948 |
Jewish culture in U.S.S.R. suppressed
and Jewish intellectuals shot. |
| 1948 |
Pogroms in Libya. |
| 1952 |
Prague Trials (Slánský): Murder of Yiddish intellectuals in Russia and many Jews disappear
or sent to work camps. |
| 1953 |
Accusation of "Doctors'
plot" in the U.S.S.R., cancelled with Stalin's death. |
| 1956 |
Jews of Egypt expelled. |
| 1967 |
Arabic version of the Protocols
of the Elders of Zion published in Egypt. |
| 1968 |
Fresh wave of anti-Semitism
in Poland; emigration of most of the remaining Jews of Poland. |
| 1969 |
Jews executed in Iraq. |
| 1970 |
Leningrad, and other trials
of Soviet Jews, who agitate for right to emigrate. |
| 1970-1990 |
Spread of Neo-Nazi publications
in US and other parts of the world denying the Holocaust |
| 1972 |
Eleven Israeli athletes massacred
at the Munich Olympic Games, which continue after a brief memorial
ceremony. |
| 1975 |
UN General Assembly passes a
resolution equating Zionism with racism. |
| 1987 |
First Intifada |
| 1988 |
Steven Cokely, an adviser to
the mayor of Chicago and his link to Nation of Islam leader Louis
Farrakhan, accuses Jewish doctors of purposely infecting blacks
with the AIDS virus in order to further a plan for world domination. |
| 1991 |
Iraq fires scud missiles at
Israel in reaction to allied attacks during first Gulf War |
| 1996 |
Terror attacks in Israel increase. |
| 1999 |
Shooting attack on Jewish Community
Center in Los Angeles, CA |
| 2000 |
- Thirteen Iranian Jews tried as Israeli spies.
- Outbreak of anti-Israel violence at second ("Al-Aqsa")
intifada.
|
| 2001 |
- The UN World Conference Against Racism in Durban becomes a platform
for anti-Israel and anti-Semitic demonstrations by thousands.
- Coordinated "9/11" attacks against United States targets
by Islamic terrorists blamed on Jewish conspiracy.
|
| 2002 |
- Increase in frequency of attacks on Jews and Jewish sites in
Europe
|
| 2003 |
- Attacks on Jewish targets in Europe, including bombing of a
Jewish school in Paris and simultaneous bombings of two synagogues
in Istanbul during prayer services.
- University of Berlin report showing rise of anti-Semitism in
Europe released after being suppressed by EU.
|